REPORTED (= INDIRECT) SPEECH

Direct speech	Indirect speech	Direct Speech	Indirect speech
Present simple	Past simple	go	went
Present progressive	Past progressive	am/is/are going	was/were going
Past simple	Past perfect	went	had gone
Past progressive	Past perfect progressive	was/were going	had been going
Present perfect simple	Past perfect	has/have gone	had gone
Present perfect progressive	Past perfect progressive	has/have been going	had been going
Future	Conditional I	will go	would go
Example: Peter said: "Carol is a nice girl."
Peter said (that) Carol was a nice girl.

Comparison of Adjectives

Present Simple

Present simple

We use the present simple to talk about actions we see as long term or permanent. It is a very common and very important tense.

Here, we are talking about regular actions or events.


•They drive to the office every day.
•She doesn't come here very often.
•The news usually starts at 6.00 every evening.
•Do you usually have bacon and eggs for breakfast?

Here, we are talking about facts.

•We have two children.
•Water freezes at 0° C or 32° F.
•What does this expression mean?
•The Thames flows through London.
Here, we are talking about future facts, usually found in a timetable or a chart.

•Christmas Day falls on a Monday this year.
•The plane leaves at 5.00 tomorrow morning.
•Ramadan doesn't start for another 3 weeks.
•Does the class begin at 10 or 11 this week?
Here, we are talking about our thoughts and feelings at the time of speaking. Although these feelings can be short-term, we use the present simple and not the present continuous.

•They don't ever agree with us.
•I think you are right.
•She doesn't want you to do it.
•Do you understand what I am trying to say.

Question Words

Question Word	Function	Example
what	asking for information about something	What is your name?
	asking for repetition or confirmation	What? I can't hear you.You did what?
what...for	asking for a reason, asking why	What did you do that for?
when	asking about time	When did he leave?
where	asking in or at what place or position	Where do they live?
which	asking about choice	Which colour do you want?
who	asking what or which person or people (subject)	Who opened the door?
whom	asking what or which person or people (object)	Whom did you see?
whose	asking about ownership	Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it?
why	asking for reason, asking what...for	Why do you say that?
why don't	making a suggestion	Why don't I help you?
how	asking about manner	How does this work?
	asking about condition or quality	How was your exam?
how + adj/adv	asking about extent or degree	see examples below
how far	distance	How far is Pattaya from Bangkok?
how long	length (time or space)	How long will it take?
how many	quantity (countable)	How many cars are there?
how much	quantity (uncountable)	How much money do you have?
how old	age	How old are you?
how come (informal)	asking for reason, asking why	How come I can't see her?

Conjugação do verbo to be no simple present

Conjugação do verbo to be no simple present
Positive	Negative	Interrogative
I am	I am not	Am I?
You are	You are not	Are you?
He is	He is not	Is he?
She is	She is not	Is she?
It is	It is not	Is it?
We are	We are not	Are we?
You are	You are not	Are you?
They are	They are not	Are they?